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Modeling and verifying chlorine decay and chloroacetic acid formation in drinking water chlorination

Wenjun LIU, Shaoying QI,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第1期   页码 65-72 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0010-y

摘要： This study presents a phenomenological model that can be used by the water professionals to quantify chlorine decay and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in water. The kinetic model was developed by introducing the concept of limiting chlorine demand and extending an established reactive species approach. The limiting chlorine demand, which quantifies chlorine reactive natural organic matter (NOM) on an equivalent basis, was mathematically defined by the relation between ultimate chlorine residue and initial chlorine dose. It was found experimentally that NOM in water has limiting chlorine demand that increases with chlorine dose once the ultimate residue is established. These results indicated that the complex NOM has a unique ability to adjust chemically to the change in redox condition caused by the free chlorine. It is attributed mainly to the redundant functional groups that persist in heterogeneous NOM molecules. The results also demonstrated that the effect of chlorine dose on the rate of chlorine decay can be quantitatively interpreted with the limiting chlorine demand. The kinetic model developed was validated for chlorine decay and chloroacetic acid formation in finished drinking water.

关键词： chlorine demand     chlorine decay     chloroacetic acids     disinfection byproducts     model    

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Surface-tailoring chlorine resistant materials and strategies for polyamide thin film composite reverse

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第5期   页码 564-591 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2109-z

摘要： Polyamide thin film composite membranes have dominated current reverse osmosis market on account of their excellent separation performances compared to the integrally skinned counterparts. Despite their very promising separation performance, chlorine-induced degradation resulted from the susceptibility of polyamide toward chlorine attack has been regarded as the Achilles’s heel of polyamide thin film composite. The free chlorine species present during chlorine treatment can impair membrane performance through chlorination and depolymerization of the polyamide selective layer. From material point of view, a chemically stable membrane is crucial for the sustainable application of membrane separation process as it warrants a longer membrane lifespan and reduces the cost involved in membrane replacement. Various strategies, particularly those involved membrane material optimization and surface modifications, have been established to address this issue. This review discusses membrane degradation by free chlorine attack and its correlation with the surface chemistry of polyamide. The advancement in the development of chlorine resistant polyamide thin film composite membranes is reviewed based on the state-of-the-art surface modifications and tailoring approaches which include the in situ and post-fabrication membrane modifications using a broad range of functional materials. The challenges and future directions in this field are also highlighted.

关键词： reverse osmosis     polyamide     thin film composite membranes     chlorine resistance     surface modification    

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Treatment, residual chlorine and season as factors affecting variability of trihalomethanes in small

Roberta DYCK,Geneviève COOL,Manuel RODRIGUEZ,Rehan SADIQ

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第1期   页码 171-179 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0750-1

摘要： Seasonal variability in source water can lead to challenges for drinking water providers related to operational optimization and process control in treatment facilities. The objective of this study is to investigate seasonal variability of water quality in municipal small water systems (<3000 residents) supplied by surface waters. Residual chlorine and trihalomethanes (THM) were measured over seven years (2003–2009). Comparisons are made within each system over time, as well as between systems according to the type of their treatment technologies. THM concentrations are generally higher in the summer and autumn. The seasonal variability was generally more pronounced in systems using chlorination plus additional treatment. Chloroform, total THM (TTHM) and residual chlorine concentrations were generally lower in systems using chlorination plus additional treatment. Conversely, brominated THM concentrations were higher in systems using additional treatment. Residual chlorine was highest in the winter and lowest in the spring and summer. Seasonal variations were most pronounced for residual chlorine in systems with additional treatment. There was generally poor correlation between THM concentrations and concentrations of residual chlorine. Further study with these data will be beneficial in finding determinants and indicators for both quantity and variability of disinfection byproducts and other water quality parameters.

关键词： drinking water     residual chlorine     seasonal variability     small municipal systems     treatment technologies     trihalomethanes    

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Enhanced formation of trihalomethane disinfection byproducts from halobenzoquinones under combined UV/chlorine

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第6期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-021-1510-7

摘要：

• 2,6-DCBQ and TCBQ generated THMs differently in chlorine and UV/chlorine processes.

关键词： Halobenzoquinone     Trihalomethane     Chlorine disinfection     UV irradiation     Disinfection byproducts     Combined UV/chlorine    

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Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections and the influence

WANG Lisha, HU Hongying, WANG Chao, Koichi Fujie

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第1期   页码 18-22 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0003-7

摘要： The effects of chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections on the genotoxicity of different biologically treated sewage wastewater samples were studied by umu-test. The experiment results showed that when chlorine dioxide dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater first decreased rapidly and then tended to be stable, while when the chlorine dosage was increased from 0 to 30 mg/L, the genotoxicity of wastewater changed diver sely for different samples. It was then found that ammonia nitrogen did not affect the change of genotoxicity during chlorine dioxide disinfection of wastewater, while it greatly affected the change of genotoxicity during chlorine disin fection of wastewater. When the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was low (< 10 20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater decreased after chlorine disinfection, and when the concentration of ammonia nitrogen was high (> 10 20 mg/L), the genotoxicity of wastewater increased after chlorine disinfection.
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植物氯素营养与含氯化肥科学施用

毛知耘,周则芳,石孝均,刘洪斌

《中国工程科学》 2000年 第2卷 第6期   页码 64-66

摘要：

文章主要概述了植物的氯素营养及科学施用含氯化肥三准则。

关键词： 植物氯营养     耐氯力类型     含氯化肥    

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Self-healing polyamide reverse osmosis membranes with temperature-responsive intelligent nanocontainers for chlorine

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年 第17卷 第9期   页码 1183-1195 doi: 10.1007/s11705-022-2287-3

摘要： Improving the performance of reverse osmosis membranes remains great challenge to ensure excellent NaCl rejection while maintaining high water permeability and chlorine resistance. Herein, temperature-responsive intelligent nanocontainers are designed and constructed to improve water permeability and chlorine resistance of polyamide membranes. The nanocontainer is synthesized by layer-by-layer self-assembly with silver nanoparticles as the core, sodium alginate and chitosan as the repair materials, and polyvinyl alcohol as the shell. When the polyamide layer is damaged by chlorine attack, the polyvinyl alcohol shell layer dissolves under temperature stimulation of 37 °C, releasing inner sodium alginate and chitosan to repair broken amide bonds. The polyvinyl alcohol shell responds to temperature in line with actual operating environment, which can effectively synchronize the chlorination of membranes with temperature response and release inner materials to achieve self-healing properties. With adding temperature-responsive intelligent nanocontainers, the NaCl rejection of thin film composite membrane decreased by 15.64%, while that of thin film nanocomposite membrane decreased by only 8.35% after 9 chlorination cycles. Effective repair treatment and outstanding chlorine resistance as well as satisfactory stability suggest that temperature-responsive intelligent nanocontainer has great potential as membrane-doping material for the targeted repair of polyamide reverse osmosis membranes.

关键词： reverse osmosis     nanocontainer     self-healing     chlorine resistance     water permeability    

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Characterization of chlorine and heavy metals for the potential recycling of bottom ash from municipal

Boran WU, Dongyang WANG, Xiaoli CHAI, Fumitake TAKAHASHI, Takayuki SHIMAOKA

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年 第10卷 第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-016-0847-9

摘要： Industrial waste mixed with MSW is the main source of heavy metal in bottom ash. Chlorine content in bottom ash is controlled both by plastic and kitchen waste. Insoluble chlorine in Chinese MSWI bottom ash exists primarily as AlOCl. Bottom ash is an inevitable by-product from municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration plants. Recycling it as additives for cement production is a promising disposal method. However, the heavy metals and chlorine are the main limiting factors because of the potential environmental risks and corrosion of cement kilns. Therefore, investigating heavy metal and chlorine characteristics of bottom ash is the significant prerequisite of its reuse in cement industries. In this study, a correlative analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of the MSW components and collection mode on the heavy metal and chlorine characteristics in bottom ash. The chemical speciation of insoluble chlorine was also investigated by synchrotron X-ray diffraction analysis. The results showed that industrial waste was the main source of heavy metals, especially Cr and Pb, in bottom ash. The higher contents of plastics and kitchen waste lead to the higher chlorine level (0.6 wt.%–0.7 wt.%) of the bottom ash. The insoluble chlorine in the MSW incineration bottom ash existed primarily as AlOCl, which was produced under the high temperature (1250℃) in incinerators.

关键词： Bottom ash     Chlorine     Heavy metals     Waste inputs     Synchrotron X-ray diffraction     AlOCl    

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Effect of the ultraviolet/chlorine process on microbial community structure, typical pathogens, and antibiotic

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第8期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1521-z

摘要：

• UV/chlorine can effectively remove VBNC pathogens, ARGs and MGEs in reclaimed water.

关键词： UV/chlorine process     Pathogen     Antibiotic resistance genes     High-throughput qPCR     Reclaimed water    

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Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Mingsong WU, Junli HUANG, Yuling ZHANG, Shijie YOU, Shaofeng LI, Zhilin RAN, Yu TIAN

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第1期   页码 75-81 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0331-5

摘要： Microcystins, which represents one kind of cancerogenic organic compounds, is abundant in eutrophication water. The effects of reaction factors on chlorine dioxide (ClO ) for removal of low-concentration Microcystin-LR, Microcystin-RR, and Microcystin-YR in water as well as the reaction mechanisms was investigated by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR could be efficiently decomposed by ClO . The degradation efficiency was shown positively correlated to the concentration of ClO and reaction time; while the effect of reaction temperature and pH is slight. The kinetic constants and activation energies of the reaction of MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR with ClO are determined as 459.89, 583.15, 488.43 L·(mol·min) and 64.78, 53.01, 59.15 kJ·mol , respectively. As indicated by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (HPLC-MS) analysis, degradation should be accomplished via destruction of Adda group by oxidation, with the formation of dihydroxy substituendums as end products. This study has provided a fundamental demonstration of ClO serving as oxidizing disinfectant to eliminate microcystins from raw water source.

关键词： disinfection     chlorine dioxide     microcystins     reaction mechanism    

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Understanding the demand predictability of bike share systems: A station-level analysis

《工程管理前沿（英文）》   页码 551-565 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0279-8

摘要： Predicting demand for bike share systems (BSSs) is critical for both the management of an existing BSS and the planning for a new BSS. While researchers have mainly focused on improving prediction accuracy and analysing demand-influencing factors, there are few studies examining the inherent randomness of stations’ observed demands and to what degree the demands at individual stations are predictable. Using Divvy bike-share one-year data from Chicago, USA, we measured demand entropy and quantified the station-level predictability. Additionally, to verify that these predictability measures could represent the performance of prediction models, we implemented two commonly used demand prediction models to compare the empirical prediction accuracy with the calculated entropy and predictability. Furthermore, we explored how city- and system-specific temporally-constant features would impact entropy and predictability to inform estimating these measures when historical demand data are unavailable. Our results show that entropy of demands across stations is polarized as some stations exhibit high uncertainty (a low entropy of 0.65) and others have almost no check-out demand uncertainty (a high entropy of around 1.0). We also validated that the entropy and predictability are a priori model-free indicators for prediction error, given a sequence of bike usage demands. Lastly, we identified that key factors contributing to station-level entropy and predictability include per capita income, spatial eccentricity, and the number of parking lots near the station. Findings from this study provide more fundamental understanding of BSS demand prediction, which can help decision makers and system operators anticipate diverse station-level prediction errors from their prediction models both for existing stations and for new ones.

关键词： bike share systems     demand prediction     prediction errors     machine learning     entropy    

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Optimal locations of monitoring stations in water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns: a flaw of demand coverage method and modification

Shuming LIU, Wenjun LIU, Jinduan CHEN, Qi WANG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第2期   页码 204-212 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0364-9

摘要： A flaw of demand coverage method in solving optimal monitoring stations problem under multiple demand patterns was identified in this paper. In the demand coverage method, the demand coverage of each set of monitoring stations is calculated by accumulating their demand coverage under each demand pattern, and the impact of temporal distribution between different time periods or demand patterns is ignored. This could lead to miscalculation of the optimal locations of the monitoring stations. To overcome this flaw, this paper presents a Demand Coverage Index (DCI) based method. The optimization considers extended period unsteady hydraulics due to the change of nodal demands with time. The method is cast in a genetic algorithm framework for integration with Environmental Protection Agency Net (EPANET) and is demonstrated through example applications. Results show that the set of optimal locations of monitoring stations obtained using the DCI method can represent the water quality of water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns better than the one obtained using previous methods.

关键词： demand coverage     monitoring     optimization     water distribution network     water quality    

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Speciation evolutions of target metals (Cd, Pb) influenced by chlorine and sulfur during sewage sludge

Jingde LUAN,Rundong LI,Zhihui ZHANG,Yanlong LI,Yun ZHAO

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第6期   页码 871-876 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0621-1

摘要： In sludge incineration, the thermal behavior of heavy metal is a growing concern. In this work, the combined analysis of metal partitioning behavior between vapor phase and condensed phase, speciation redistribution in condensed phase and the difference of metal species in binding energy was carried out to investigate the possible volatilization-condensation mechanism of heavy metals in high-temperature sludge incineration. It was found that there were two steps in metal volatilization. The initial volatilization of heavy metal originated from their exchangeable (EXC), carbonate bound (CAR) and iron–manganese bound (FM) fractions, which is primarily composed of simple substance, chlorides, oxides and sulfides. With the increase of chlorine and sulfur in sludge, the inner speciation redistribution of heavy metals occurred in condensed phase, which was an important factor affecting the potential volatility of heavy metals. A partial of metal species with complexed (COM) and residual (RES) fractions gradually decomposed into simple substance or ions, oxides and carbonates, which significantly strengthened the second volatility. In presence of chlorine, about 46% of Cd with the RES fraction disappeared when the volatility rate of Cd increased by 44.89%. Moreover, about 9% of Pb with COM fraction disappeared when there was an increase of nearly 10% in the volatilization rate. Thus, the second volatilization was mainly controlled by the decomposition of metal species with COM and RES fractions. By virtue of XRD analysis and the binding energy calculation, it was found that metal complex and silicates were inclined to decompose under high temperature due to poor thermo stability as compared with sulfates.

关键词： sludge incineration     heavy metals     inner speciation redistribution     binding energy    

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Electricity demand, GDP and employment: evidence from Italy

Cosimo MAGAZZINO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第1期   页码 31-40 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0296-8

摘要： This paper applies time series methodologies to examine the causal relationship among electricity demand, real per capita GDP and total labor force for Italy from 1970 to 2009. After a brief introduction, a survey of the economic literature on this issue is reported, before discussing the data and introducing the econometric techniques used. The results of estimation indicate that one cointegrating relationship exists among these variables. This equilibrium relation implies that, in the long-run, GDP and labor force are correlated negatively, as well as GDP and electricity. Moreover, there is a bi-directional Granger causality flow between real per capita GDP and electricity demand; while labor force does not Granger-cause neither real per capita GDP nor electricity demand. This implies that electricity demand and economic growth are jointly determined at the same time for the Italian case. The forecast error variance decomposition shows that forecast errors in real per capita GDP are mainly caused by the uncertainty in GDP itself, while forecast errors in labor force are mainly resulted from the labor force itself, although aggregate income and electricity are important, too.

关键词： energy policies     electricity demand     GDP     labor force     stationarity     structural breaks     cointegration     causality     Italy    

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Scenario analysis of the energy demand and CO

Jihong ZHANG, Jian ZHOU, Guangping HU, Tianhou ZHANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第4期   页码 459-468 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0119-5

摘要： An assessment of the energy demand and the potential for sector-based emission reductions will provide necessary background information for policy makers. In this paper, Beijing was selected as a special case for analysis in order to assess the energy demand and potential of CO abatement in the urban transport system of China. A mathematical model was developed to generate three scenarios for the urban transport system of Beijing from 2010 to 2030. The best pattern was identified by comparing the three different scenarios and assessing their urban traffic patterns through cost information. Results show that in the high motorization-oriented pattern scenario, total energy demand is about 13.94% higher, and the average CO abatement per year is 3.38 million tons less than in the reference scenario. On the other hand, in the bus and rail transit-oriented scenario, total energy demand is about 11.57% less, and the average CO abatement is 2.8 million tons more than in the reference scenario. Thus, Beijing cannot and should not follow the American pattern of high motorization-oriented transport system but learn from the experience of developed cities of Europe and East Asia.

关键词： scenario analysis     urban traffic pattern     energy demand     reduction potential    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Modeling and verifying chlorine decay and chloroacetic acid formation in drinking water chlorination

Wenjun LIU, Shaoying QI,

期刊论文

Surface-tailoring chlorine resistant materials and strategies for polyamide thin film composite reverse

期刊论文

Treatment, residual chlorine and season as factors affecting variability of trihalomethanes in small

Roberta DYCK,Geneviève COOL,Manuel RODRIGUEZ,Rehan SADIQ

期刊论文

Enhanced formation of trihalomethane disinfection byproducts from halobenzoquinones under combined UV/chlorine

期刊论文

Change in genotoxicity of wastewater during chlorine dioxide and chlorine disinfections and the influence

WANG Lisha, HU Hongying, WANG Chao, Koichi Fujie

期刊论文

植物氯素营养与含氯化肥科学施用

毛知耘,周则芳,石孝均,刘洪斌

期刊论文

Self-healing polyamide reverse osmosis membranes with temperature-responsive intelligent nanocontainers for chlorine

期刊论文

Characterization of chlorine and heavy metals for the potential recycling of bottom ash from municipal

Boran WU, Dongyang WANG, Xiaoli CHAI, Fumitake TAKAHASHI, Takayuki SHIMAOKA

期刊论文

Effect of the ultraviolet/chlorine process on microbial community structure, typical pathogens, and antibiotic

期刊论文

Characterization of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for the removal of low concentration microcystins

Mingsong WU, Junli HUANG, Yuling ZHANG, Shijie YOU, Shaofeng LI, Zhilin RAN, Yu TIAN

期刊论文

Understanding the demand predictability of bike share systems: A station-level analysis

期刊论文

Optimal locations of monitoring stations in water distribution systems under multiple demand patterns: a flaw of demand coverage method and modification

Shuming LIU, Wenjun LIU, Jinduan CHEN, Qi WANG

期刊论文

Speciation evolutions of target metals (Cd, Pb) influenced by chlorine and sulfur during sewage sludge

Jingde LUAN,Rundong LI,Zhihui ZHANG,Yanlong LI,Yun ZHAO

期刊论文

Electricity demand, GDP and employment: evidence from Italy

Cosimo MAGAZZINO

期刊论文

Scenario analysis of the energy demand and CO

Jihong ZHANG, Jian ZHOU, Guangping HU, Tianhou ZHANG

期刊论文